C# Interview Questions

C# (pronounced “C sharp”) is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft. It is designed for building robust and scalable applications on the .NET framework. C# combines the power and flexibility of C++ with the simplicity and productivity of languages like Java. It supports various programming paradigms, including imperative, declarative, and functional programming, making it versatile for a wide range of application development scenarios.

C# Interview Questions For Freshers

1. What is C#?

C# (pronounced “C sharp”) is a modern, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft. It is widely used for building various types of applications, including desktop software, web applications, mobile apps, and game development. C# is part of the .NET framework, which provides a rich set of libraries and tools for developing software across different platforms.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");
    }
}

2. What is the .NET framework?

The .NET framework is a platform for building, deploying, and running applications. It provides a runtime environment called Common Language Runtime (CLR) and a set of libraries.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Console.Write("Enter your name: ");
        string userName = Console.ReadLine();

        string greeting = GenerateGreeting(userName);
        Console.WriteLine(greeting);
    }

    static string GenerateGreeting(string name)
    {
        return $"Hello, {name}! Welcome to the .NET Framework.";
    }
}

3. Explain the difference between value types and reference types?

In C#, the using statement serves multiple purposes, but one of its primary uses is to include namespaces and manage resources. Here are the key purposes of the using statement.

Namespace Import: The using statement is commonly used to import namespaces, which allows you to use types (classes, interfaces, etc.) from those namespaces without fully qualifying their names.

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Using the System namespace.");
    }
}

Resource Management (IDisposable): The using statement is also used for resource management, particularly with types that implement the IDisposable interface. The IDisposable interface provides a mechanism for releasing unmanaged resources (such as file handles or network connections).

using (FileStream fileStream = new FileStream("example.txt", FileMode.Open))
{
    // Code that uses fileStream
} // The 'using' statement ensures proper disposal of the FileStream

4. What is the purpose of the ‘using’ statement in C#?

The ‘using’ statement is used to ensure that the resources like files or network connections are properly disposed of when they are no longer needed.

5. What is the role of the Main() method in C#?

The Main() method is the entry point of a C# application. It is where the program begins execution.

6. What is a namespace in C#?

A namespace is a way to organize code by grouping related types. It helps avoid naming conflicts and provides a clear structure to the code.

7. Explain the ‘this’ keyword in C#?

‘this’ refers to the current instance of the class and is used to differentiate between instance variables and parameters with the same name.

8. What are properties in C#?

Properties are a way to expose private fields in a class, providing controlled access and encapsulation.

9. What is the difference between ‘==’ and ‘Equals()’ in C#?

‘==’ is used for reference equality, while ‘Equals()’ is used for value equality. The behavior can be overridden for custom types.

10. Explain the concept of boxing and unboxing in C#?

Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type, and unboxing is the reverse process.

11. What is the ‘var’ keyword used for?

‘var’ is used for implicitly declaring variables. The compiler determines the type based on the assigned value.

12. What is a constructor, and why is it used?

A constructor is a special method used to initialize objects. It is called when an object is created.

13. How does exception handling work in C#?

Exception handling is done using try, catch, and finally blocks. Code that might cause an exception is placed in the try block, and the catch block handles the exception.

14. What is polymorphism in C#?

Polymorphism allows objects of different types to be treated as objects of a common base type. It includes method overloading and method overriding.

15. Explain the ‘is’ and ‘as’ operators in C#?

is’ Operator: The is operator is used for type checking. It checks whether an object is of a specified type and returns a boolean result.

object obj = "Hello, C#";

if (obj is string)
{
    Console.WriteLine("obj is a string.");
}

as’ Operator: The as operator is used for explicit type conversion, particularly for reference types. It attempts to cast an object to a specified type, returning null if the conversion is not possible.

object obj = "Hello, C#";

string str = obj as string;

if (str != null)
{
    Console.WriteLine($"Casting successful: {str}");
}
else
{
    Console.WriteLine("Casting failed.");
}

16. What is the purpose of the ‘abstract’ keyword in C#?

‘abstract’ is used to declare abstract classes and methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, and abstract methods must be implemented by derived classes.

abstract class Shape
{
    // Abstract property without implementation
    public abstract string Name { get; }

    // Abstract method without implementation
    public abstract double CalculateArea();
}

class Circle : Shape
{
    // Implementation of the abstract property
    public override string Name => "Circle";

    // Implementation of the abstract method
    public override double CalculateArea()
    {
        // Implementation specific to Circle
        // (Note: This is a simplified formula for illustration purposes)
        return Math.PI * Math.Pow(radius, 2);
    }

    // Additional members specific to Circle
    private double radius = 0;

    public Circle(double radius)
    {
        this.radius = radius;
    }
}

class Rectangle : Shape
{
    // Implementation of the abstract property
    public override string Name => "Rectangle";

    // Implementation of the abstract method
    public override double CalculateArea()
    {
        // Implementation specific to Rectangle
        return length * width;
    }

    // Additional members specific to Rectangle
    private double length = 0;
    private double width = 0;

    public Rectangle(double length, double width)
    {
        this.length = length;
        this.width = width;
    }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Shape circle = new Circle(5);
        Shape rectangle = new Rectangle(4, 6);

        DisplayShapeDetails(circle);
        DisplayShapeDetails(rectangle);
    }

    static void DisplayShapeDetails(Shape shape)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Shape: {shape.Name}, Area: {shape.CalculateArea()}");
    }
}

17. What is an interface in C#?

An interface is a contract that defines a set of methods and properties. Classes implement interfaces to provide specific behavior.

18. What is the difference between ‘const’ and ‘readonly’ in C#?

‘const’ is a compile-time constant, while ‘readonly’ can only be assigned at runtime or in the constructor.

19. Explain the concept of delegates in C#?

Delegates are type-safe function pointers used to pass methods as arguments to other methods.

20. What is the purpose of the ‘async’ and ‘await’ keywords?

‘async’ is used to define asynchronous methods, and ‘await’ is used to pause execution until the asynchronous operation completes.

21. What is LINQ?

LINQ (Language-Integrated Query) is a set of features in C# that allows querying data from various sources using a syntax similar to SQL.

22. What is a lambda expression in C#?

A lambda expression is a concise way to represent an anonymous method. It is often used in LINQ queries and functional programming.

23. What is garbage collection in C#?

Garbage collection is the automatic process of reclaiming memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use, helping to manage memory efficiently.

24. Explain the difference between ‘StringBuilder’ and ‘String’ in C#?

‘StringBuilder’ is mutable and allows for efficient string manipulation, while ‘String’ is immutable and creates a new string instance for each modification.

25. What are events in C#?

Events allow one class to notify other classes or objects when a certain action occurs.

26. What is the ‘sealed’ keyword used for?

‘sealed’ is used to prevent further derivation of a class. It is often applied to classes or methods.

27. What is the purpose of the ‘try…finally’ block?

The ‘finally’ block is used to ensure that certain code is always executed, whether an exception is thrown or not.

28. What is serialization in C#?

Serialization is the process of converting an object into a format that can be easily stored, transmitted, or reconstructed.

29. Explain the concept of dependency injection in C#?

Dependency injection is a design pattern where the dependencies of a class are injected from the outside, promoting loose coupling and testability.

30. What is the role of the ‘using’ directive in C#?

The ‘using’ directive is used to include namespaces in a program, providing access to the types and members defined in those namespaces.

C# Interview Questions For 3 Years Experience

1. What is the purpose of the ‘yield’ keyword in C#?

The ‘yield’ keyword is used in iterator methods to simplify the implementation of custom iterators.It allows you to create an iterator block that produces a sequence of values lazily, one at a time, without having to create a full collection in memory.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Using the iterator method
        foreach (int number in GenerateNumbers())
        {
            Console.WriteLine(number);
        }
    }

    // Iterator method using 'yield'
    static IEnumerable<int> GenerateNumbers()
    {
        yield return 1;
        yield return 4;
        yield return 9;
        yield return 16;
        yield return 25;
    }
}

2. Explain the differences between ‘IEnumerable’ and ‘IQueryable’?

The IEnumerable interface is part of the System.Collections namespace. It is designed for querying in-memory collections such as arrays, lists, and other IEnumerable implementations. Operations are performed locally in-memory. Suitable for scenarios where data is already loaded into memory. Supports deferred execution; queries are executed at the point of enumeration.

The IQueryable interface is part of the System.Linq namespace. It is designed for querying external data sources like databases (e.g., Entity Framework, LINQ to SQL). Supports deferred execution and enables the generation of more efficient queries by pushing query logic to the data source (remote or server-side execution). Queries are translated into a query language specific to the underlying data source (e.g., SQL for a database).

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Simulating in-memory data (IEnumerable)
        IEnumerable<Product> inMemoryProducts = new List<Product>
        {
            new Product { ProductId = 1, Name = "Laptop", Price = 800 },
            new Product { ProductId = 2, Name = "Phone", Price = 500 },
            new Product { ProductId = 3, Name = "Tablet", Price = 300 }
        };

        // LINQ query with IEnumerable
        var cheapProductsInMemory = inMemoryProducts.Where(p => p.Price < 600);

        Console.WriteLine("In-Memory Products (IEnumerable):");
        DisplayProducts(cheapProductsInMemory);

        // Simulating database query (IQueryable)
        IQueryable<Product> databaseProducts = new List<Product>
        {
            new Product { ProductId = 1, Name = "Laptop", Price = 800 },
            new Product { ProductId = 2, Name = "Phone", Price = 500 },
            new Product { ProductId = 3, Name = "Tablet", Price = 300 }
        }.AsQueryable();

        // LINQ query with IQueryable
        var cheapProductsDatabase = databaseProducts.Where(p => p.Price < 600).ToList();

        Console.WriteLine("\nDatabase Products (IQueryable):");
        DisplayProducts(cheapProductsDatabase);
    }

    static void DisplayProducts(IEnumerable<Product> products)
    {
        foreach (var product in products)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"Product: {product.Name}, Price: {product.Price}");
        }
    }
}

3. What are extension methods, and how are they useful?

Extension methods allow adding new methods to existing types without modifying them, enhancing code readability and reusability.

4. What is the role of the ‘using’ statement in relation to IDisposable objects?

The ‘using’ statement ensures the proper disposal of objects that implement the IDisposable interface by automatically calling their ‘Dispose’ method.

5. Explain the concept of dependency injection and how it’s implemented in C#?

Dependency injection is a design pattern where dependencies are provided externally. In C#, it’s often implemented using constructor injection or property injection.

6. What are the advantages of using asynchronous programming in C#?

Asynchronous programming improves application responsiveness by allowing tasks to run concurrently without blocking the main thread, enhancing overall performance.

7. What is the ‘async/await’ pattern, and how does it work?

‘async’ and ‘await’ are used to write asynchronous code more easily. ‘async’ declares a method as asynchronous, and ‘await’ pauses execution until the awaited task completes.

8. Explain the SOLID principles and how they apply to C# development?

SOLID principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion) guide the design of maintainable and scalable software, promoting modular and flexible code.

9. What is the Repository Pattern, and why is it useful in C# development?

The Repository Pattern separates the logic that retrieves data from the underlying storage, providing a clean and consistent API for data access.

10. What is the ‘var’ keyword, and when is it appropriate to use it?

‘var’ is used for implicitly typed variables. It’s appropriate when the type is obvious from the assigned value, enhancing code readability.

11. Explain the differences between ‘HashSet’, ‘List’, and ‘Dictionary’ in C#?

‘HashSet’ stores unique elements, ‘List’ maintains an ordered collection, and ‘Dictionary’ stores key-value pairs.

12. What is the purpose of the ‘using static’ directive in C#?

‘using static’ allows importing static members of a class, reducing verbosity in code.

13. How does the C# memory management system work, and what is the role of the garbage collector?

C# uses automatic memory management through garbage collection, which identifies and reclaims memory that is no longer in use, preventing memory leaks.

14. Explain the concept of partial classes in C#?

Partial classes allow a class’s definition to be split across multiple files, enabling better organization of code, especially in large projects.

15. What is the difference between ‘ref’ and ‘out’ parameters in C#?

‘ref’ parameters must be initialized before being passed to a method, while ‘out’ parameters can be uninitialized and must be assigned a value inside the method.

16. How does the ‘Task’ class differ from ‘Thread’ in C#?

‘Task’ is a higher-level abstraction for parallelism and asynchronous programming, while ‘Thread’ represents an operating system-level thread.

17. What is the purpose of the ‘DataAnnotations’ namespace in C#?

The ‘DataAnnotations’ namespace is used for declarative data validation by adding attributes to model properties.

18. Explain the differences between ‘String’ and ‘StringBuilder’ in C#?

‘String’ is immutable, while ‘StringBuilder’ is mutable, allowing efficient string manipulation.

19. What is attribute-based programming in C#?

Attribute-based programming involves associating metadata with code elements using attributes, providing additional information for reflection or code analysis.

20. How does C# support multiple inheritance?

C# does not support multiple class inheritance, but it supports multiple interface inheritance, allowing a class to implement multiple interfaces.

21. What is the purpose of the ‘dynamic’ keyword in C#?

The ‘dynamic’ keyword allows late binding and dynamic typing, providing flexibility but sacrificing compile-time type checking.

22. Explain the ‘Lazy<T>’ class in C#?

‘Lazy<T>’ is a class that defers the creation of an object until it is actually needed, promoting better resource utilization.

23. How can you secure sensitive information, such as API keys, in a C# application?

Sensitive information can be secured using techniques like storing them in environment variables, using configuration files, or leveraging secure storage mechanisms.

24. What is the purpose of the ‘try…catch…when’ statement in C#?

‘try…catch…when’ is used to handle exceptions with additional conditions specified in the ‘when’ clause.

25. Explain the concept of Asynchronous Programming Model (APM) in C#?

APM involves using methods with ‘Begin’ and ‘End’ prefixes to perform asynchronous operations, often used in older asynchronous programming approaches.

26. What is the purpose of the ‘DebuggerStepThrough’ attribute in C#?

‘DebuggerStepThrough’ is used to exclude a method from being stepped through during debugging.

27. What is method overloading, and how is it implemented in C#?

Method overloading involves defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. It improves code readability and flexibility.

28. What is the difference between ‘FirstOrDefault()’ and ‘SingleOrDefault()’ in LINQ?

‘FirstOrDefault()’ returns the first element of a sequence, or a default value if the sequence is empty.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        List<int> numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

        // Using FirstOrDefault to get the first element greater than 2
        int firstGreaterThan2 = numbers.FirstOrDefault(n => n > 2);

        Console.WriteLine($"First element greater than 2: {firstGreaterThan2}");
    }
}

‘SingleOrDefault()’ returns the only element, or a default value if there is no or more than one element.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        List<int> numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

        try
        {
            // Using SingleOrDefault to get the only element equal to 2
            int onlyEqualTo2 = numbers.SingleOrDefault(n => n == 2);

            Console.WriteLine($"The only element equal to 2: {onlyEqualTo2}");
        }
        catch (InvalidOperationException ex)
        {
            Console.WriteLine($"Exception: {ex.Message}");
        }
    }
}

29. Explain the purpose of the ‘Action’ and ‘Func’ delegates in C#?

‘Action’ is a delegate for methods that do not return a value, and ‘Func’ is a delegate for methods that return a value.

30. How does C# support parallel programming, and what is the role of the ‘Parallel’ class?

C# supports parallel programming through the ‘Parallel’ class, which provides methods for parallelizing loops and executing tasks concurrently, improving performance on multi-core systems.

C# Interview Questions For 10 Years Experience

1. What is the difference between abstract classes and interfaces in C#?

Abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete members, while interfaces only define abstract members. A class can inherit from only one abstract class but implement multiple interfaces.

2. Explain the concept of delegates and events in C#?

Delegates are type-safe function pointers, and events are a way to provide a notification when a certain action occurs, often using delegates to handle the event.

3. What is the role of the ‘yield’ keyword in C#?

The ‘yield’ keyword is used in iterator methods to simplify the creation of iterators, making it easier to iterate over a collection of items.

4. How does dependency injection improve software design, and what frameworks can be used for it in C#?

Dependency injection improves maintainability and testability by allowing dependencies to be injected from the outside. Frameworks like Unity, Autofac, and Ninject are commonly used for dependency injection in C#.

5. Explain the differences between value types and reference types in C# with examples?

Value types store the actual data, while reference types store a reference to the memory location where the data is stored. Value types include primitive types like int and char, while reference types include objects and arrays.

6. What is the purpose of the ‘using’ statement in C# related to IDisposable?

The ‘using’ statement is used to automatically dispose of resources that implement the IDisposable interface, ensuring proper resource management.

7. How does exception handling differ in C# compared to other languages you’ve worked with?

C# uses try, catch, and finally blocks for exception handling. It distinguishes between checked exceptions (derived from Exception) and unchecked exceptions (derived from ApplicationException).

8. Explain the differences between ‘ref’ and ‘out’ parameters in C#?

‘ref’ parameters are used to pass a variable by reference, allowing modifications inside a method to affect the original variable. ‘out’ parameters are similar but do not require the variable to be initialized before being passed to the method.

9. What is the role of the ‘async’ and ‘await’ keywords, and how do they impact the performance of an application?

‘async’ and ‘await’ are used for asynchronous programming, allowing non-blocking execution of code. They enhance the responsiveness of applications by avoiding blocking the main thread, improving performance in scenarios like UI responsiveness.

10. Explain the concept of reflection in C#?

Reflection allows for inspecting and interacting with types, methods, properties, and other members of assemblies at runtime. It is often used for creating dynamic code or performing tasks like serialization.

11. What is the purpose of the ‘sealed’ keyword in C#?

The ‘sealed’ keyword is used to prevent further derivation of a class. It is often applied to classes or methods when no further modification or extension is intended.

12. How does the garbage collector work in C#, and what are some best practices for optimizing memory management?

The garbage collector automatically reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use. Best practices include minimizing the use of large objects, understanding object lifetimes, and disposing of unmanaged resources explicitly.

13. Explain the SOLID principles and how they are applied in C# development?

SOLID principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion) are design principles that promote maintainability and scalability. For example, adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle ensures that a class has only one reason to change.

14. What are extension methods, and when would you use them in C#?

Extension methods allow adding new methods to existing types without modifying them. They are useful for adding functionality to types that you don’t control or for creating more readable and expressive code.

15. Explain the concept of threading in C#. How can you achieve parallelism and concurrency?

Threading allows multiple operations to run concurrently. In C#, you can use the Thread class, Task Parallel Library (TPL), or async/await for asynchronous programming to achieve parallelism and concurrency.

16. What is the purpose of the ‘volatile’ keyword in C#?

The ‘volatile’ keyword is used to indicate that a field can be modified by multiple threads and prevents certain compiler optimizations that might affect the order of operations.

17. How would you implement a Singleton pattern in C#?

A Singleton ensures that a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it. Common implementations involve private constructors, static members, and lazy instantiation.

18. Explain the differences between IQueryable and IEnumerable in C# with respect to LINQ?

IQueryable represents a query that can be executed against a data source (e.g., a database) while IEnumerable represents a collection that can be enumerated. IQueryable is suitable for remote queries, and IEnumerable is suitable for in-memory collections.

19. What are indexers in C#? Provide an example of how you might use them?

In C#, an indexer is a special type of property that allows instances of a class or struct to be indexed just like an array. It enables you to use an object as if it were an array by defining the behavior of getting and setting values at specific indices. Indexers are defined using the this keyword followed by an indexer parameter list.

using System;

class MyCollection
{
private string[] data = new string[5];

// Indexer declaration
public string this[int index]
{
    get
    {
        if (index >= 0 && index < data.Length)
            return data[index];
        else
            throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"Index {index} is out of range.");
    }
    set
    {
        if (index >= 0 && index < data.Length)
            data[index] = value;
        else
            throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"Index {index} is out of range.");
    }
}

}

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
MyCollection collection = new MyCollection();

    // Using the indexer to set values
    collection[0] = "Item 1";
    collection[1] = "Item 2";
    collection[2] = "Item 3";

    // Using the indexer to get values
    Console.WriteLine($"Item at index 0: {collection[0]}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Item at index 1: {collection[1]}");
    Console.WriteLine($"Item at index 2: {collection[2]}");

    // Handling exceptions for out-of-range index
    try
    {
        Console.WriteLine(collection[5]); // This will throw an exception
    }
    catch (IndexOutOfRangeException ex)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Exception: {ex.Message}");
    }
}

}

20. Explain the principles of method overloading and method overriding in C#?

Method overloading involves defining multiple methods with the same name but different parameter lists. Method overriding occurs when a derived class provides a specific implementation for a method defined in its base class.

21. How would you optimize performance in a C# application?

Performance optimization strategies include using efficient algorithms and data structures, minimizing database queries, optimizing memory usage, utilizing asynchronous programming, and profiling code to identify bottlenecks.

22. What is the difference between ‘throw’ and ‘throw ex’ in exception handling?

‘throw’ rethrows the current exception, maintaining the original stack trace, while ‘throw ex’ resets the stack trace, potentially making it harder to diagnose the source of the exception.

23. Explain the concept of code access security in C# and its relevance in modern applications?

Code access security (CAS) controls the permissions of managed code to access resources. In modern applications, security is often handled through other mechanisms, and CAS is less prominent.

24. What is the purpose of the ‘volatile’ keyword in C#?

The ‘volatile’ keyword is used to indicate that a field can be modified by multiple threads and prevents certain compiler optimizations that might affect the order of operations.

25. How would you handle memory leaks in a C# application?

Memory leaks can be addressed by ensuring proper disposal of resources, using tools like profilers to identify leaks, and implementing best practices such as avoiding unnecessary object retention.

26. Explain the role of the ‘Action’ and ‘Func’ delegates in C#?

The Action delegate is a predefined delegate type in the System namespace. It represents a method that takes zero or more input parameters but does not return a value (void).

using System;

class Program
{
    static void Main()
    {
        // Example 1: Using Action with a named method
        Action<int, int> add = AddNumbers;
        add(3, 5);

        // Example 2: Using Action with an inline lambda expression
        Action<string> printMessage = (message) => Console.WriteLine(message);
        printMessage("Hello, Action!");

        // Example 3: Using Action with a method group
        Action<string> printUpperCase = PrintUpperCase;
        printUpperCase("uppercase");
    }

    static void AddNumbers(int a, int b)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"Sum: {a + b}");
    }

    static void PrintUpperCase(string text)
    {
        Console.WriteLine(text.ToUpper());
    }
}

The Func delegate is also a predefined delegate type in the System namespace. It represents a method that takes zero or more input parameters and returns a value.

using System;

class Program
{
static void Main()
{
// Example 1: Using Func with a named method
Func add = AddNumbers;
int sum = add(3, 5);
Console.WriteLine($”Sum: {sum}”);

    // Example 2: Using Func with an inline lambda expression
    Func<string, string> toUpperCase = (text) => text.ToUpper();
    string uppercased = toUpperCase("hello, func!");
    Console.WriteLine(uppercased);

    // Example 3: Using Func with a method group
    Func<double, double> square = Square;
    double result = square(3.5);
    Console.WriteLine($"Square: {result}");
}

static int AddNumbers(int a, int b)
{
    return a + b;
}

static double Square(double number)
{
    return Math.Pow(number, 2);
}

}

27. What are expression trees in C# and how are they used?

Expression trees represent executable code in a tree-like structure. They are often used in LINQ providers, allowing query expressions to be translated into different representations, such as SQL.

28. How do you implement caching in a C# application, and what considerations should be taken into account?

Caching can be implemented using tools like MemoryCache or distributed caching solutions. Considerations include cache expiration policies, memory usage, and the trade-off between caching and real-time data.

29. Explain the role of the ‘Marshal’ class in C# and its relevance in interop scenarios?

The ‘Marshal’ class is used in interop scenarios to marshal data between managed and unmanaged code. It provides methods for converting between different data types and managing memory.

30. What is the Task Parallel Library (TPL) in C# and how does it improve parallel programming?

The TPL is a set of .NET framework features for parallel programming, providing abstractions like Task and Parallel.ForEach. It simplifies parallel programming by handling low-level details like thread management and synchronization, improving code readability and maintainability.

Key Features

Object-Oriented: C# is designed around the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), providing features such as classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

Type-Safe: C# is a statically-typed language, meaning that variable types must be declared at compile-time, reducing the chances of runtime errors.

Memory Management: C# utilizes automatic memory management through a garbage collector, simplifying memory allocation and deallocation.

Platform Independence: C# code is typically compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that runs on the Common Language Runtime (CLR), making it platform-independent.

Frequently Asked Questions